Compare and contrast David Landes’ and Andre Gunder Frank’s explanations of economic development and underdevelopment Essay

Brief: Compare and complexity David Landes’ and Andre Gunder Frank’s clarifications of financial turn of events and underdevelopment. How do these creators clarify the advancement of Japan in the nineteenth century? This paper will break down the contentions on improvement and underdevelopment from the perspective of David Landes and Andre Gunder Frank. At the earliest reference point of Frank’s exposition, he explains three qualities of nations, created, immature and lacking. Which means of created nation is evident however Frank expresses that there are misinterpretations about the other two terms. Lacking essentially alludes to nations that isn't yet begin creating or didn't figure out how to create though immature methods not totally grew yet at the same time creating. Some of immature nations are managing the issue of incongruities in pay and social contrasts among the general public. This circumstance prompts presence of social classes and this is called ‘dual society’. Principle reason of this issue is while the industrialists are developing financially, the other part stays detached along these lines they are less evolved. As per Frank, Japan became quickly after the Meiji Restoration. Industrialization period was effective in Japan despite the fact that they don't have sufficient asset. Reason of this development is Japan isn't satellized during the Tokugawa and Meiji period. Therefore advancement of Japan was more noteworthy than other satellized nations, for example, Russia and South American nations. Then again David Landes proposed a few thoughts that caused Japanese turn of events. Landes imagines that society assumes a significant job on advancement. They were profoundly energetic to work for their nation and they accepted that their nation would grow, for example, European nations. Subsequently they enlivened by their prosperity and conveyed themselves nation to a similar level.

Pollution In Europe Essays - Aquatic Ecology, Hydrology,

Contamination In Europe Water Pollution in Europe Chapter by chapter list Pages 1 Introduction Geniuses/Cons 2 European/Citizens Europe's Proposal For Good waters by 2010 3. Europe's Surface Water Europe's Ground Water 4. The Water Frame Work Directive Punishments Squander Advice 5. Answers for spare Europe Waterways End 6. Book reference Presentation Water contamination is a difficult that impacts every living thing. Each living being on earth expects water to endure. At the point when the water is contaminated, it not just impacts the plants, creepy crawlies, and creatures, it hurts individuals. Dealing with this current planet's water is indispensable to the present moment and long haul endurance of the living things that occupy the earth. The seas, lakes, and streams are continually contaminated by people and numerous enterprises. These waters must be tidied up before the expenses are path past cash and the harm route hopeless. Activity to tidy up the Earth's valuable water gracefully is long over due. Governments, just as the person, in all nations must start to make a move. Plans must be made to free the waters of contamination, and forestall any further annihilation of the unrivaled wellspring of water that Earth has. Governments need to create arrangements and guidelines to stop the section of contaminations into the water . The individual must take their own activity. Utilizing items that don't make hurt the sea, discarding unsafe items, and pushing the administration to make a move against water contamination are the privileges of the individual, however the commitments of the person. The activity taken currently won't just make the planet more secure and cleaner for the present, yet for a long time into the future. Experts The experts to sparing the sea are far more prominent than any cons somebody may concoct. One of the conspicuous masters is that tidying up the sea implies a more beneficial planet. Defiling the seas additionally taints our food gracefully. Having more advantageous fish makes for more advantageous individuals. Tidying up and dealing with the seas gives individuals a decent spot for entertainment. The way toward tidying up and checking the seas will give numerous new position openings. Move to make clean the sea may sound costly, yet it will be less expensive over the long haul. On the off chance that the world holds back to long to make a move, at that point the expenses to tidy up the sea could be huge. Letting the seas arrive at perilous degrees of pollution will without a doubt cost significantly more cash. Cons The greatest con in the battle to spare the sea is cost. The expense to make activity plans for sparing the sea will most unquestionably be high. Numerous individuals may feel that there are progressively significant things to deal with this moment. The seas don't seem, by all accounts, to be under quick danger. The arrangement to tidy up the seas will likewise be a burden to many. Businesses should enlist architects to create cleaner techniques for use and removal of hurtful substances. Cleaner strategies for removal are normally increasingly costly. Numerous littler organizations may leave business because of increasing expenses of creation and removal. Ranchers should fall back on different synthetics for pesticides and manures that may not be as viable. The rancher may lose cash in making a move to forestall overflow. The shopper will likely need to pay more for items that are earth sound. The administration should recruit individuals to uphold the new enactment. 1 European Citizens Europe's residents are progressively requesting cleaner water, cleaner water for drinking, cleaner water for washing, cleaner water as a major aspect of their condition, and their nearby and territorial legacy. The expanding request by residents and natural associations for cleaner streams and lakes, groundwater and waterfront sea shores is apparent. This interest by residents is one of the primary reasons why the Commission has made water assurance one of the needs of its work. Another European Water Policy should get contaminated waters clean once more, and guarantee clean waters are kept clean. In accomplishing these destinations, the jobs of residents and residents' gatherings will be critical. This is the reason another European Water Policy needs to get residents increasingly included. . Great Waters by 2010 There are various destinations in regard of which the nature of water is ensured. The key ones at European level are general security of

Reading Books and Using Computers Essay

Perusing books can take us to any spots and time. Simply read and let your creative mind investigate. It likewise can give us further information to the things that encompasses us. What's more, it help us in our perception, rehearses our familiarity, and numerous others. It can likewise visit us to the Egypt, Greece, Spain and many spot here on earth without squandering cash, and vitality. It likewise takes us past the space, systems, meteors, stars and all through the universe with no requiring of rocket. Furthermore, in conclusion, it let us meet Romeo and Juliet, Achilles, Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, and obviously our God and guardian angel Jesus Christ. All data about them is originated from books. We will never know them without the books. Some of them possibly genuine and others might be only a story. Book is actually our companion; it could take us, meet individuals we want. In any case, these days, since perusing books is exhausting and you need to peruse for nearly 7 days or m onth, understudies today are so sluggish to that and they generally have the discourse of â€Å"it’s a misuse of time†. Undoubtedly, understudies treat their books as their foe and simply recollect them when they have a test or tests. It’s so dismal that books had nearly been overlooked by understudies that became companions by their predecessors once. see more:essays on PCs Utilizing Computer is generally training today’s age. It is nearly required in the general public. You can likewise be called an unskilled when you don’t realize how to utilize it, on the grounds that even a 7 years of age child can utilize the PC. PC is anything but difficult to utilize, solid, quick, and devour a brief timeframe. Furthermore, today you don’t need to need to peruse a book for close to 7 days and extend your creative mind to know the substance of the story, by just web and a â€Å"YouTube† site, and a tick you could watch your ideal novel quickly. With moving, talking, singing, moving, battling, and numerous others activity that books can't do. That’s why understudies are keen on utilizing PC in view of its vivid and alluring highlights that exceptionally engaging age of understudies today. As far today 3D is the most cutting edge highlight that produce by PCs which is the motivation behind why understudy nearly overlook the books a s of now. Furthermore, you could complete the novel for just 2 †3 hours and have sufficient opportunity to go through it with your affection ones or your hubby. Additionally, you can coordinate inquiry data as opposed to in the books. Furthermore, in conclusion it can let you convey to the individuals in different nations, to your families, companions, or not. PCs are broadly required by each in all of us. Not to follow the â€Å"new style line† we can say. In any case, not to be left by today’s life and â€Å"rules† particularly in applying an occupation that generally all activity require information in utilizing PCs and can have the ability to contend to the world. Books and Computers are both useful to our life and living. They are both wellspring of data that causes us know the things we needed to know. They give data, give more information and help us to fulfill our interest. They are both take us to different places here on the planet and to the stars known to man and to the spot we just find in our fantasies. In reality they are both required and must be required. In any case, of late as the world improve to cutting edge world, that it’s like â€Å"life is only a click†, books have been overlooked and keep dusty in the library, while PCs had been increasingly required by the general public. Library was very on account of its arrangement â€Å"Keep Quite† as well as there are nobody there aside from the staff or the administrator. While web cafã © were so hot, loud and packed. This examination had been directed to know the best and successful wellspring of data among PCs and books. What's more, the regular purposes for it. What's more, ultimately, to know why this marvels is going on in our general public, world and universe today. Goals: 1. To identify the points of interest and detriments of understanding books and utilizing PCs. 2. To realize the powerful one among books and PC. 3. To know which understudies incline toward among books and PCs as their wellspring of data. Speculation: 1. Perusing books will have such a large number of focal points without any hindrances, while utilizing PC will have a greater number of favorable circumstances than books however with numerous burdens as well. 2. The successful one is utilizing PC since its quick, simple, solid and devour just a brief timeframe as opposed to books. 3. The powerful one is utilizing PC as a result of its multi-purposes and uses that are compelling to the learning of the understudy. Essentialness/Importance of the Study This investigation might be helpful to the accompanying: School Administrators. The aftereffect of this investigation might be utilized by school manager to recognize what sort of source data the educator and the school staff that may use for a superior and powerful instructing. Educators. The examination may enable the instructor to improve their picked method in instructing with the goal that they will convey their exercise to understudy unmistakably and reasonable. School Librarians. This exploration may enable the custodian to encourage will the library as the wellspring of successful and solid room of data through books and PC with web. Understudies. This examination will tell understudies the significance of books and PC, their favorable circumstances and drawbacks with the goal that they may confine their self to utilize them, and to know the sort of wellspring of data they will use in a particular issue. Guardians. The Parents will in like manner be profited by the aftereffect of the examination such that they can direct their youngsters for utilizing a such data in the correct time and spot, and give constrain them when they over utilizing it. Future Researchers. The aftereffects of this examination will give the future specialists the premise of their own exploration in utilizing PC and understanding books. Furthermore, how both wellspring of data help us. Meanings of Terms Wellspring of Information Cognizance Web Site Familiarity Degree and Delimitation This is a test investigation of chose 30 first year understudies of Capiz State University Poblacion Campus during the school year 2012 †2013.

SAT Critical Reading - Vocabulary In Context

A very common question on the reading passages is the vocabulary-in-context question. Students also tend to make a very common error on these question types: matching up the answer choice with the words in quotation marks. Let me show you how this works. As it appears in the passage, the word â€Å"heralded† most nearly means (A)  believable (B)  indistinguishable   (C) celebrated   (D) permissible   (E) announced This is our standard vocabulary in-context question. Notice that a word is in quotation marks. Notice, as well, the words â€Å"as it appears in the passage†. This is key because we MUST look at how the word is used in the passage in order to get this question right. Yet—and here is the big kicker—students continue to go to the last place they should when looking for the answer: the answer choices. See, the SAT has arranged the answer choices very nicely so that a word you associate with the word in quotations marks is waiting for you. Waiting to trap you that is. For instance, in the question above when you think of heralded, you probably think of herald, a person who announces something. So like that you go to (E). Even if you still go to the passage, you mind has already been influenced by (E). The logic is once you’ve made a choice—even if it is the wrong one—it is very difficult to change your answer. So the first place you should go is the passage. Next, you should go the line where the word in quotes appears, and you should read the sentence as though it were a Sentence Completion question, pretending that the word in quotes has suddenly disappeared and been replaced by . Now, just as you would with Sentence Completions, come up with your own word. Then, match your word with the words in the answer choices. Let’s try it. Today, the number of authors churning out novels is perhaps greater than at any time in history. That’s not so much because talent has flourished as there are simply more books being published today. Of course with so many recent novels claiming literary prizes, one would be inclined to believe that many works published today are instant classics. I’m not sure if this is the case—or indeed if anyone today is in the position to claim any recent book as worthy of the exalted tag: â€Å"Classic.† Part of the definition of a classic, after all, is that the work is still heralded decades after it was published. That the generation a few decades hence will perceive our present time as a golden age of literature is possible—though it may be too busy bestowing prizes on its own novelists. If I replace the word â€Å"heralded†, I come up with the word â€Å"praised† or â€Å"liked†. These words don’t have to be fancy SAT words—in fact they shouldn’t be. Just come up with a simple word and match that with one of the answers. In this case, which one of these answers works best? (A)  believable (B)  indistinguishable   (C) celebrated   (D) permissible   (E) announced Only (C) is even close. If a book is praised or liked, then it is celebrated. (E) doesn’t make any sense at all (What does it mean to announce a book decades later?) At this point, you may want to put the word you’ve chosen into the text to see how it sounds. Part of the definition of a classic, after all, is that the work is still celebrated decades after it was published. One final note: try not to just start plugging in the answer choices from the very beginning. This turns on the how-it-sounds part of your brain vs. the analytical part of your brain (you can probably guess which one the SAT rewards). Only plug words in if you are totally confused and can’t come up with your word. Also, be sure to find out more about how the SAT tests vocabulary.

Essay on Legalizing Recreational Marijuana in the United...

The topic of legalizing recreational marijuana in the United States has been a very controversial one. States such as Colorado and Washington have gone on the offensive and have legalized recreational marijuana and have enjoyed the high revenues brought in from cannabis sale. On the other hand other states have kept low profiles because they are wary of the possible negative outcomes of legalizing recreational marijuana and are using the states of Colorado and Washington as guinea pigs to see what their next course of action on this controversial topic should be. This is not only a highly debated topic among politicians, but also by the people. According to a poll conducted by the Pew Research Center 52% of Americans†¦show more content†¦This has led many teenagers to switch over to marijuana and by legalizing it the switch to a safer drug would continue and it would also make it cheaper than other illicit drugs. This correlation can be seen with the statistics provided by the NIDA 2011 study. 25% of teens surveyed said they tried marijuana at least once last year and 6.6% of 12th graders admitted to smoking weed daily. Marijuana use has been the highest since 1981, but at the same time cigarette and alcohol usage have reached historic lows. 11.7% of U.S. teens reported having smoked a cigarette in the last 30 days, compared to 12.8 percent in 2010. Also alcohol usage has reduced, the proportion of 8th graders reporting any use of alcohol in the prior 30 days has fallen by about half (from 25% to 13%), among 10th graders by more than one third (from 43% to 27, and among 12th graders by about one fourth (from 54% to 40%). Legalizing marijuana would not just help teenagers choose a safer drug, it would also hurt drug cartels and benefit the U.S. economy. Drug cartels operating out of Mexico have made billions and billions of dollars by distributing illicit drugs all over the United States. According to RAND corporation Mexican drug cartels make 6 billion dollars of illicit drugs every year in the United States. They make most of their profits of marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. TheShow MoreRelatedLegalizing Marijuana For Recreational Use926 Words   |  4 PagesLegalizing Marijuana in Texas for Recreational Use The well known debate over the legalization of marijuana for recreational use in The United States has been ongoing since 1935. Recently Colorado and Washington have legalized the use of marijuana for recreational use. By doing so, the legalization of the recreational use of marijuana has become more of an issue than it already was and now brings other states to question whether or not they should legalize marijuana (Breecher). Which brings aboutRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1269 Words   |  6 PagesAbu Matar 1 Mahmoud Abu Matar English Composition 2 Research Paper 14 April 2015 Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana is most commercialized drug in the world, so why not just legalize it? Although there are legal restraints against marijuana, 1 in 3 Americans have tried it, out of curiosity at least once. Multiple studies have proven that, marijuana is psychologically and physically healing. Medical marijuana should be legalized for its beneficial advantages, such as, treating or preventing health conditionsRead MoreStatistical Analysis Of Medical Marijuana807 Words   |  4 Pageswhether the percent of a state identifying as liberal has an influence on the passage of marijuana legalization referenda, statistical analysis was conducted. The results are presented below. First, the results of a univariate analysis are presented. Then, the results of a bivariate Pearson’s correlation coefficient are given. 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Marijuana has benefits and disadvantages to using it (and many viewpoints on said pros and cons) so one person cannot be the only authority on the subject. Marijuana could possibly be used as a medicine, and although legalizing marijuana could have some benefits, the action could have serious repercussions. The legalization of medical marijuana could have positive benefits to the United States governmentRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?997 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize It: The Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana Should marijuana be legalized? Many Americans have been asked this question or have heard some type of news about the issue. Marijuana is commonly known as cannabis which refers to the dried up hemp plant cannabis sativa, even though marijuana is a plant and has no chemical additives it has been a tropic of controversy for many years but nowadays it is in the spotlight more than ever. For centuries, marijuana has been used by people throughoutRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Beneficial For Medical Purposes1080 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana has proven to be beneficial for medical purposes. It has therapeutic effects that will ultimately allow patients with adverse health conditions to improve their quality of life. Legalizing marijuana can also improve the state of the United States’ economy through taxation and creation of job opportunities. Additionally, it can reduce the crime rate in the United States and save the United States tons of money. Contrarily, marijuana shoul d not be legalized for recreational usage. ExtensiveRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1149 Words   |  5 PagesJacomino English 1410 23 March 2015 Legalizing cannabis Marijuana or cannabis is a preparation of the cannabis plant intended for use as a hallucinatory drug and a medicine as well. The principal hallucinatory constituent of marijuana is Tetrahydrocannabinol or THC. Twenty three states and the District of Columbia has legalized marijuana for medical or recreational purposes in the United States. Legalizing marijuana has many benefits to it. Not only has marijuana been proven to counter act someRead MoreEssay about Should Marijuana be Legalized?968 Words   |  4 PagesShould marijuana be legalized for recreational or medical use? This is a debate that has been happening for quite some time and this is not just a debate that is happening among people. There are many that have taken sides including medical personal and government officials. Currently in the United States there are two states in which recreational use of marijuana is legal; Colorado and Washington. There are three states currently that have pending legislation to l egalize recreational use; CaliforniaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagesis marijuana, and surprisingly it is all around us. Marijuana is even referred to in today’s media Mainstream media sources that people enjoy, like music, movies, and TV shows, do not even bother to leave the drug out of their system. Now being a young adult and having my own personal experience with the drug and knowing its effects on others, I wonder why it’s not legal. Why is it that this drug has become illegal all over the world? The debate to legalize marijuana in the United States of America

Great Way to Start the New Year, Not free essay sample

Tuesday October 11, 2011 at nine o’clock at night I had admitted myself into the hospital for attempting suicide. I knew I needed to get help, for six years I have gone through bullying, harassment, and threats to for my family and I to be killed. But what made me break? I had no answer to that. Automatically you think I must be insane or have issues of my own, however, being in treatment I created a new beginning. One where I thought everything would be uphill from there. Sadly, it was the complete opposite. Word got around that I was in a mental hospital. A mental hospital, where those who are classified as â€Å"insane† were put into. Immediately I was attacked from every angle in this school, never in my life have I heard the worst things come out of people’s mouths. Everything from â€Å"She doesn’t deserve friends.† To â€Å"Suicide is your specialty. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Way to Start the New Year, Not or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Even â€Å"Go back to the insane asylum, no one wants you here.† What did I do wrong? I lost nearly all of my friends, respect from my peers. I wouldn’t come to school for I feared the worst. Though if it wasn’t with the help of my family and my very few friends, I wouldn’t have been able to pull through and put in my effort to brush off the judgments and carrying on. I was given the courage and strength to get back up on my feet and focus on my future. If I never admitted myself into Rogers I wouldn’t be here today. It has taught me how to handle difficult situations in life and use my ability to help those in need of it. Being almost a year sober and happy it is a goal in life to reflect off of those who struggle in life with what I had gone through. Although the outcome of being in a hospital have its cons, I look at it as being one of the greatest experiences I have learned from and taking it out into the world. I am going down a path which leads to a bright future and healthy lifestyle. To me, it’s like I have been placed in a game and won.

The Little Girl Eater, by Septimus Dale Essay Example

The Little Girl Eater, by Septimus Dale Essay In class we read the story of The Little Girl Eater, by Septimus Dale. The central character is a man called Mason and the story begins with him lying on sand beneath an old coal jetty; hed been there a long time, after taking a short cut when the tide was out, through the girders. He knew the tide was heading back his way, and would eventually drown him. It was early April so it was very unlikely that some one would find him. Mason felt sick and weak; huge waves of nausea hit him like the waves of the sea. He could no longer feel his lower limbs, nor move them. Mason felt that he must reason out a manner of escape before it was too late. Mason had tried calling out to begin with, but this was a failure. However, an ingenious plan formed in his mind: if he were to burrow downwards, instead of trying to force himself upwards, he might dig himself enough clearance to crawl clear. It all depended on what lay beneath. Miranda was a little girl, not pretty at all; in fact, eminently ugly: her nose was lengthy; she had an extremely obese physique. The road her car was travelling on was jolting; she was on the back seat; her mother in the front with her friend, Johnny, who was driving. Johnny was nice: he didnt mind going anywhere with his car, unlike her dad. We will write a custom essay sample on The Little Girl Eater, by Septimus Dale specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Little Girl Eater, by Septimus Dale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Little Girl Eater, by Septimus Dale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They were going to the sea. Johnny wanted to send Miranda down to the beach to play, for obvious reasons. Mason soon stopped burrowing because it had frayed him out. The pier was made on a solid concrete base but the concrete bank was not high enough to hold the girder. Suddenly he saw a tin can lying half-submerged in the sand; he decided, hed give him self an instant death by cutting his throat, a quicker way to die, less tormenting than to be slowly drowned by the waves of the sea. Miranda was gazing down on Mason below, a funny sort of man, because she could only view his shoulder and his arms. She was afraid to ask him what he was doing because she knew grown ups got upset easily. Mason wasnt upset when she ran away because he knew she would tell someone shed seen him. When Miranda told her mother, Mirandas mother was shocked when she said a bloody man. She told Miranda she shouldnt make up silly stories. Johnny told Miranda the man under the pier was a Little Girl Eater: who lived under the sea and, when the tide was out, waited for silly little girls and gobbled them up instantly. Miranda asked her mother if she could go back to play on the beach.

A Law Unto Themselves

A Law Unto Themselves A Law Unto Themselves A Law Unto Themselves By Maeve Maddox I heard someone on the radio refer to a particular group of people as being â€Å"a law into themselves.† The only version of this idiom that I’m familiar with is â€Å"a law unto themselves.† The expression derives from Romans 2:14. Numerous English translations of the Bible render the phrase as â€Å"a law unto themselves,† but some use a different preposition, like to or for. Here are three translations: For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves.- King James Version (KJV) Indeed, when Gentiles, who do not have the law, do by nature things required by the law,  they are a law for themselves, even though they do not have the law.- New International Version (NIV). For when Gentiles, who do not have the law,  by nature do what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law.- English Standard Version (ESV) The passage refers to Gentiles who, although they lacked the law that had been given to the Jews, had their own laws that taught them how to live righteously. The preposition unto is a fossil. It once had several meanings, including some of the modern meanings of into, but, by the 18th century, its use had become obsolete in standard speech- except for the idiom â€Å"to be a law unto oneself.† Note: The word unto, meaning to, is sometimes heard in an elevated religious context, as in We cry unto the Lord. The modern use of â€Å"a law unto themselves† differs in meaning from the way it is used in the Bible passage. In the biblical context, the Gentiles are perceived as obeying a different law, but presumably their law applies to all of them. In modern usage, â€Å"to be a law unto oneself† suggests that the person or people so described ignore laws that apply to everyone else, doing as they please, as if they were above the law. Here are some examples from the Web: The NYPD may enforce the law, but they’re also a law unto themselves.- The Guardian. They [the khap panchaya] believe theyre supreme, a law unto themselves.- The Times of India.   The Soviet Politburo was a law unto itself.- The Washington Post The CIA: A Law Unto Itself- The Nation Nicole Kidman Law Unto Herself- New York Magazine Here are some non-idiomatic uses that use the preposition into instead of unto: French waiters are a law into themselves- TripAdvisor Hobby Lobby threatens to make religious believers a law into themselves.- UCLA law professor. Its a real policy dilemma because people begin to believe they can be the [sic] law into themselves.- Another law professor. Note: The quotations from the law professors appeared in newspaper articles; the fault of substituting into for unto may lie with the reporters or their editors. If a speaker does not wish to use archaic unto, the idiomatic choice of preposition is plain to: French waiters are a law to themselves. Hobby Lobby threatens to make religious believers a law to themselves Its a real policy dilemma because people begin to believe they can be a law to themselves Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 40 Synonyms for â€Å"Lie†50 Words with Alternative Spellings

Technology Impact Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Technology Impact Paper - Essay Example This technology gives one of the best opportunities to enlarge printing to commercial field. By sizing, newspaper linking can be removed and as a result the paper can be printed using the heat-set procedure. With the help of hypertext link one can update the many sources of information. This information can be as paper version into the online version. Hand crafting is done by electronic materials for instance many software support technical communicators in these tasks. Management comprises directing and controlling a group of one or more people or entities for the purpose of coordinating them towards completing a goal. Management function of controlling can be applied on the internet. It is directly applied and now it is going to be very famous for dynamic changes in electronic papers. The Internet has been in existence for almost two decades and began to extend into schools about 15 years ago, first into universities and then into schools. It helps the lecturers and students to enlarge learning. But these opportunities can be getting those who can access the internet and proper guidance of usage and getting knowledge from online pages. This process is not systematic in schools. There are many reason involve in this case; budgets; insufficient professional programs for lecturers; a lack of specific curriculum; and deficient training of teachers in technology. For Example Mr. Smith starts announcing to his students that this month they study the social studies chapter capitals of 50 states. He studied his classes for last 10 years. Then suddenly a student comes to Mr. Smith and turns on his laptop and connects the internet through wireless. Then that student says that look at this map of United States; if I clicks on this page then you can view the name of capital, its all images related to its states and capital building, history related to this city and states, all its resources related to nature and all it major industries. She says we should work online pages to get knowledge. We can also research on them. The entire student will help us to complete this work. In this way the students now get knowledge from internet more efficiently rather then impact paper. With the help of electronic mail and "surfing" for information with a browser, involve communicating with others and locating information, but the real power of the Web will come from people being better able to accomplish their "work," regardless of its focus. Chat sessions are a text-based version of synchronous collaboration, as are Multi-User Dungeons, Object-Oriented, or Multi-User Shared version, where a number of people participate simultaneously in a shared conversation or activity. Applications on the desktop for doing exciting

Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis - Case Study Example The top two occupations that offer the most job openings are postsecondary and elementary teachers with 892,000 and 587,000 job openings respectively. Middle school teachers and secondary school teachers held the 4th and 6th position in terms of job growth. The career with the least job openings is physical therapist at 72,000 jobs openings. Other than teaching positions five careers that have a good outlook for the period 2004-2014 are accounting, software engineers, physicians, lawyers, and managerial analysis. During this period the US economy will generate 486,000 jobs in accounting and 268,000 software engineer jobs. The primary reason people attend college is go obtain an education in order to find a job. The information provided on figure 6-2 is very valuable for college students because it provides them with data than can be used to make a change in their curriculums. It is not a wise investment to study a profession for which availability of jobs is limited. The chart was very useful, but it only provided data for 20 professions and there are hundreds of different occupations that require a college degree which were not mentioned in the

Performance management or performance evaluation Essay Example for Free

Performance management or performance evaluation Essay The basic aim of performance management is to create an environment for the employees where they can work at their best. It begins when a particular job is defined whereas it ends when the employee quits from the organization and performance management basically serves as a replacement of the traditional appraisal system. There are certain advantages of performance management and the most important one is the goal of developing clear job descriptions for the employees that can be easily comprehended by them. The second advantage is that it helps the employer to hire the best candidates for the job that suits them and at the same time, performance management helps them to negotiate with the employees on various issues. When the employee is finally hired, he can be provided with necessary training followed by the feedback of the coach that enable organization to develop sessions in which issues regarding performance development can be discussed and according to the results of the performance of the employees, the remuneration package can be designed. Moreover, performance management also provides various career opportunities for the employees and can also provide assistance when conducting exit interviews to know why the employees choose to leave the organization. The concept of annual performance is a bit different from that of performance management. When managing other people, the manager has to conduct performance appraisals in order to know how the employees are performing and this can help motivate the employees to work well in future. Annual performance is basically done to evaluate the performance of the employee and to know how well they have worked throughout the year and the contributions that they have made for the progress of the organization. It not only helps in the development of the staff but it also improves the communication between the staff and the managers, however annual performance has some disadvantages as well. When conducting performance appraisals, employees might ask for feedbacks from their friends in the organization who are more likely to give positive feedbacks and may avoid any negative comments of the employee. Moreover, when conducting appraisals the companies often send evaluations to the raters without telling them how to accurately do the appraisal and without advance notice. (Leat, 2001). Reference Leat,M. (2001). Exploring Employee Relations. Butterworth-Heinemann.

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Jonathan Santosgonzalez Dr. Mike Pettengell ENG 102 10 March 2014 Art History Assignment: Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci a Tuscan hill town in the territory of the republic of Florence, son of wealthy Messer Piero Fruosini di Antonio da Vinci, a Florentine legal notary and Caterina, a peasant. His full name was Leonardo di ser Pierro da Vinci, the title ser indicated that his father was a gentleman. There is not too much known about his early years only that he lived in the home of his mother until 1457 and then in the household of his father in the small town of Vinci. At the age of fourteen, in 1466, Leonardo was apprenticed of the artist Andrea di Cione, whose workshop was one of the best in Florence. Leonardo was exposed to both theoretical training and a vast range of technical skills, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting and modelling. According to Vasari: Leonardo collaborated with ...

An Road Accident Essay

It looked as if a storm was approaching. I was standing at a cross-road traffic junction, waiting to cross the road. I have always observed that particular cross-road to be extremely busy, with vehicles constantly on the move. I was headed towards the bus stop across the street, so I turned in the opposite direction of the cross-road to see if my bus was coming. As I turned back to have a look at the cross-road, I saw a flashy yellow sports car trying to beat the red light. Before I knew it, I heard a thunderous heart-stopping crash. The sports car had slammed head on into a green van right in the middle of the large intersection. Shattered windscreen glass was strewn all over the junction and the passers-by crowded round the scene. I saw one girl rushing to the telephone to report the accident. For a minute or two, nothing happened. Then, a man got out of the green van. His van was completely smashed in on the side of the collision. He looked shaken and furious. He walked over to the yellow car only to find that the driver was unconscious. Some helpful people went to the middle of the road to help the unconscious man out of his car. The police and the ambulance arrived at about the same time. They noted down the positions of the vehicles and began asking for witnesses to the accident. I volunteered to give some details since I had seen the whole thing. I did not have time to think about missing my bus.

Challenges Of A Budget Deficit For School Leaders - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4916 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Tags: School Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1: Introduction 1.0 Introduction Wildavsky (1986) has raised pertinent question about the evolution of budgeting at school level in these words: From the time the caterpillar of budgetary evolution became the butterfly of budgetary reform, the line-item budget had been condemned as a reactionary throwback to its primitive larva. Budgeting, its critics claim, has been metamorphosed in reverse, an example of retrogression instead of progressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Yet, despite these faults, real and alleged, the traditional budget reigns supreme virtually everywhere, in practice if not in theory. Why? (Wildavsky 1986, p 313) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Challenges Of A Budget Deficit For School Leaders" essay for you Create order According to the Education Reform Act (ERA) of 1988, Local Education Authorities (LEAs) are authorized to prepare local management of school (LMS) plans for all the primary and secondary schools within their assigned districts (Edwards and Ezzamel 1996). Board of governors of each school is responsible to devise and implement the financial management schemes out of the funds given to them by the LEA (Edwards and Ezzamel 1996). Authorities at the school level are autonomous to allocate funds according to their peculiar needs to yield maximum results in the form of higher student learningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (Edwards and Ezzamel 1996). This package of reforms by the government has set some assumptions for the management of schools (Edwards and Ezzamel 1996). For example it was assumed that these reforms will triggers change management programs in the educational institutions which ultimately improve their performance in terms of efficient transformation of knowledge to the students (Edw ards and Ezzamel 1996). The delegation of financial budgeting to schools was the integral part of this scheme which is also explicitly mentioned in the proposals of LMS (LMS Initiative 1988). Under the new setup, governors and senior teachers have to play many a new roles such as of defining the categories of budgets, the distribution of funds and determining the internal auditing mechanisms (LMS Initiative 1988). LMS has also provided detailed guidance for devising the budgeting techniques (LMS Initiative 1988). Governors and senior staff members, for example, are prohibited to use the iterative historical budgets (Edwards and Ezzamel 1996). The Comprehensive budgeting scheme is definitely confronting in nature which has radically transformed the existing setup within the organization (Edwards and Ezzamel 1996). In response to this, Wiedenbaum (1970) commented that the procedure of funds allocation is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hardly deliberate and systematic choice among alternatives that economists try to envision. Rather, it is a fragmented and compartmentalized affair. Many of the key decisions are not made during the budget process or within the budgetary framework at allà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (p 233). It is evident from the comments of Wiedenbaum (1970) in this respect; zero-based budgeting is proposed to follow as a bench mark while pursuing the standard of comprehensive budgeting setup. 1.1 Objectives of the Research To figure out the challenges of budget deficit faced by school leaders is one of the main objectives of this research. This objective will be achieved by digging out the main causes of budget deficit through research questionnaires. 1.2 Aim of the Research The chief goal of this research is to find out the optimal budgeting strategy which maximizes the student learning in a cost effective fashion. 1.3 Relevance to the Researcher As a school teacher, researcher is also facing the similar problem of deficit budgeting at his workplace. So the findings of this research can be helpful to the writer to solve the issues of deficit financing at his school. 1.4 Summary In this chapter, researcher discussed the delegation of delegation of budget making responsibility to the school leaders by the government of UK. The aim of this mega shift was to make the schools self sufficient in managing their affairs and to enhance the learning of students as a whole. Research objectives, aim and interest to the writer are also briefly discussed in this chapter. Chapter 2: Literature review 2.0 Introduction In this section, the issue of deficit budgeting at school level will be discussed. Then the role of school leaders as a manager of financial affairs will come under discussion. Later on, some noteworthy challenges and their possible solutions will be discussed. 2.1 Budget deficit at school level Budgeting is the process of estimating the future expenditure of an institution for a certain period of time and the amount of money needed to fulfil that demand from certain sources of money (Investopedia 2010). A budget is actually microeconomic idea which is based on trade-off of one thing for another (Investopedia 2010). A surpluses budget can occur when the amount of revenue exceeds the expenditures which leave some unused money at the year end (Investopedia 2010). On the other hand, an institution can have deficit budget when the amount of expenses surpass the amount of income (Investopedia 2010). Both these situations are unfavourable for the management of an educational institution such as a school (Knight 1993). On the expense side of school budget, there are many items such as the salaries of staff, books, stationary, utilities expenses like heating system charges and games expenses (Knight 1993). All these costs are important in their own ways and play their own role in the final output of a school. What the school leaders need to do is to prioritize these tasks according to their level of urgency and importance so that they can meet these obligations without incurring surpluses and deficit budgets (Wildavsky 1986). On the revenue side, main sources of cash are tuition fees from students, donations, subsidies and government funding (Wyner and Light 2010). The money received from students in the form of fees can show fluctuations as the number of students enrolled each year keep on changing. Hence it is difficult to estimate the exact figure in the beginning of year (Knight 1993). The funds from government are also not certain in the sense that if there is recession in the economy, government may allocate less to the education out of the total national budget (Coleman and Anderson 2001). As per the national statistics of UK, inflation is rising, which means that the things of common use are getting expensive day by day which put extra pressure on the school leaders to manage their budget prudently (see figure 1). Hence it is anticipated that this rise in inflation is adding fuel to the fire and will exert extra pressure on schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s budgets. This is a graph showing Annual inflation rates 12 month percentage change Figure 1: Inflation of UK till March 2010 (Office for National Statistics, 2010) It is, therefore, not an easy task to forecast both the expenditures and revenues at school level. As a result, most of the schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s managers wait for some period till the picture of future revenue and expenses is clearer. This is also known as incremental annual budgets for the school. Budgeting is very important activity for the schoolsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ management as the performance of the upcoming year depends upon the right planning and the proper implementation of educational programs (Blandford and Blackburn 2004). As per the critical importance of budgeting, it is considered as one of the main responsibilities of the governing bodies to set the annual goals and prepare budgets accordingly (Blandford and Blackburn 2004). However it is noted that there is often deficit and surpluses of money at the yearend which indicates that the authorities are not doing well in making their schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s budgets (Edwards and Ezzamel 1996). One possible reason of surplus or deficit budgeting is that the school leaders can not accurately anticipate the exact amount of revenue and expenses for the upcoming year (Wildavsky 1986). Though they are provided precise guidelines and framework, yet there are surpluses and deficits at the year end. If the goals are pragmati cally set and budget categories are well defined, the school leaders will be in a better position to estimate the amount of funds needed for the forthcoming year to meet their expenses. 2.2 Challenges of Deficit Financing As discussed above, an institution has to face deficit budgets when there is mismatch between the revenue and expenses. Unexpected increase in the schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expenses due to inflation or less than expected amount of funds collected from government can cause the budget disparity (Wildavsky 1986). School leaders at The Stanhope High School are facing many challenges because of the equally pressing demands for keeping good quality staff and expenses on games and utilities. Some of the noteworthy challenges are as follows: 2.2.1 Absences of clear vision statement It is found that most of the schools do not have clear or very broad vision statements. The absence of lucid vision impedes the way for effective allocation of funds (Thompson and Strickland 2003). For example, a school that targets the higher level of studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s learning and better grades requires that they should spend more money on hiring quality teachers and better library utilities rather than spending on entertainment and sports. Of course every school would like to exhibit higher level of learning but setting as a vision is something else. Once a superior vision statement is in place, it is far easy for the school leaders to allocate resources to the different budgeting heads (Thompson and Strickland 2003). This is one of the ways by which they can avoid deficits in their budgets. 2.2.2 Difficulty in allocating the budget School leaders often face things of equal priority such as spending on the quality teaching staff and study tours which perplex the situation (Thomas and Martin 2003 ). In such cases, if they spend more on one item, the benefits associated with the other category may be foregone (Thomas and Martin 2003 ). Keeping in view of the scarcity of funds and vision of school, senior managers can issue a policy statement for the annual spending categories and their respective percentages. 2.2.3 Spending Money for no-value adding expenses The spending of precious money on items such as extra costs on trips etc which add no value to the learning of students and their final results often put unnecessary burden on the budget of School (Cross 1998, Thomas and Martin 2003 ). This may happen due to the lack of planning in the beginning of year and realizing more importance of less valuable items. Once a school has extravagantly spent money on some low value adding items, there may left less amount of funds for the other indispensable educational item such buying the latest books for school library. 2.2.4 Unexpected increase in expenses For the proper budgeting, it is imperative that organization should have proper and reliable estimate of the future expenditures (Fidler and Russell 1997). The expenses pertaining to the salaries of staff and number of student etc cannot be accurately forecasted which leads to the insufficiency of funds during the year (Fidler and Russell 1997). If the school budget run short amid the year, it becomes extremely difficult for the school leaders to yield their maximum output in the form of superior studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s learning. 2.2.5 Difficulty in raising funds amid the year Once there is shortage of money during the year because of any reason, school managers have to go for deficit financing which may halt the teaching activities and create panic for the management (Chapman 1997). One bigger challenge is to raise extra funds in the middle of year as government is often reluctant to issue new funds beyond the limit of assigned budget. This scarcity of money can lead to the stoppage of some critical nature activities which may have worst implications on the learning of students. In case, school leaders have to borrow funds to fulfil the gap of deficit budget from somewhere and there are no more surpluses in the coming years, this may be create the circular deficit. This circular deficit can be a great challenge for the school leaders to manage it. 2.2.6 Inaccurate Forecasts Mostly the errors in forecasting annual expenses (i.e. over or under estimation) results in the surplus or deficit budgeting. However forecasting errors can be minimized by using some sophisticated forecasting tools. The routine item such as utilities can be separated from the uncertain categories so that they can be forecasted based on the past data (Davis, Chase and Aquilano 2003). Historical data can be helpful to find the previous trends and predicting the future expenses. Some examples of such forecasting techniques are moving average, least square based estimations (Davis, Chase and Aquilano 2003). 2.2.7 Lack of pertinent accounting and finance knowledge The inability of accounting and finance knowledge can be a serious challenge for the school leaders. If middle managers of school are not aware of the financial theory and practice, they may face difficulty in the right and effective operating decisions. For example, the impact of inflation on the future prices of goods and services can put extra burden on the already tight budgets (Wildavsky 1986). If school managers are well aware of the finance and flexible budgeting techniques, they can avoid the problem of deficit financing. 2.2.8 Lack of training to formulate budgets School leaders have to bear this extra burden of making annual budgets irrespective of the fact that they have proper training for it or not (Coleman and Anderson 2001). Most of the time, they have work extra hours to define budgetary items, estimate their individual costs and calculating the total annual expenditures. Then matching with the amount of funds available to them (Blandford and Blackburn 2004). In short, school leaders are under the constant pressure of shortage in the budgets which force them to have tradeoffs in making their choices. 2.3 Measures to face the challenge of budget deficit Wyner and Light (2010) have suggested some remedial measures that can be taken into account to face the challenges of shortfall in budget: Wyner and Light (2010) have proposed that purchasing should be centralized in order to lower down per unit cost by taking the benefit of bulk purchasing. They also added that Repeat purchase and loyalty cards can be helpful to avail of discounts on perishable goods (Wyner and Light 2010). Early bird tuition discounts can also be offered to speed up the inflow of cash to the schools (Wyner and Light 2010). Moreover, school leaders should not miss any opportunity to hunt for the grants and subsidies (Wyner and Light 2010). Endowment funds can also be a good remedy for the problem like financial deficit. The money of endowment fund can be invested in some ventures through banks to generate a stream of periodic cash flows for the school. Paperless culture should be promoted as it reduces the burden of buying expensive stationery items (Thomas and Martin 2003 ). E-Books, electronic portals, virtual communities and telecommunicating are some of the modern information and communication tool (ICT) that can be helpful to drive the cost of imparting education at schools (Thomas and Martin 2003 ). 2.4 Research Questions 1. How the schools budget is allocated to best support the superior learning? 2. What are the implications of the longer-term planning? How the leaders can manage to devise short term goals to achieve the shared vision? 3. What are the perceptions (real or perceived) of middle leaders about the budget they have to manage? 2.5 Summary This chapter is about the critical review of the literature which the researcher has studied to understand and clarify the key concepts pertaining to challenges of deficit budgeting at school level. Some significant challenges such as absence of clear vision and rising inflation etc are identified. At the end, researcher has narrated some important measures such as bulk buying, paperless culture and use of endowment fund etc. to avoid the shortage of budgets. Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.0 Introduction The objective of this chapter is to analyse and evaluate the different research methods available for the purpose of research. Then the concept of different research methods, their respective advantages and disadvantages will be discussed. After going through all the pros and cons of these methods, a particular research method will be selected. The description of this research technique along with benefits and limitations will be also come under discussion. The rational of choosing the proposed research methodology will also be discussed. 3.1 Research Methodology Research methodology plays an important role as a tool to achieve the desired research objectives (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). Research methodology is the combination of two words: Research and Methodology which are harmonizing each other (Goddard and Melville 2004). Research is not just collecting, interpreting and presenting the data from some other sources (Goddard and Melville 2004). It is the process of evaluating and interpreting current or past data from books, peer reviewed journal articles and some other similar sources; and carrying out personal research to prepare something original and valuable contribution which would play its role in the advancement of knowledge (Colwell 2002). This is achieved in various ways which include interpreting previous studies to explain the details of that study, explaining a part of any field of study to provide a new and fresh perspective or evaluating and observing any new theories for a particular field of study (Kumar 1997). Main objectiv e of any good quality research is to surge the human knowledge about a known fact or present new ideas and facts in any discipline (Kumar 1997). Research cannot be carried out by just collecting data and interpreting it (Mallette and Duke 2004). The methods used for collection, analysis and presentation of data are the necessary tools to perform an effective research (Mallette and Duke 2004). Research is actually the study of unknown where people try to discover new ideas and invent new products (Colwell 2002). Research methodology explains what methods are applied to collect data, to analyse it by using different analysis software tools in a particular field of study (Goddard and Melville 2004). It is the pre-requirement of a quality research that the various methods, tools and techniques of research should be known to the researcher before conducting the research; otherwise the researcher may miss some necessary steps and sequences in collecting, analysing and interpreting the data and reaching at some meaningful findings (Mallette and Duke 2004). 3.2 Two Main Research Approaches 3.2.1Quantitative Approach to Research The quantitative research methodology is used very commonly in science and technology oriented researches (Ulin, Robinson and Tolley 2004). The quantitative approach to research uses the data related to measurements of certain variable and then evaluates that numerical data to figure out the cause and effect relationship between them (K. Jensen 2002). This research is based on statistical methods and numbers (McNabb 2002). The researcher in a quantitative approach sometimes measures and observes the statistical data related to the particular research area (Kumar 1997). Researches performed in medical sciences usually apply quantitative method to show the relationship and interdependence of variables related to human health and various infections and illnesses (Ulin, Robinson and Tolley 2004). Quantitative research is applied mainly in the research topics such as psychology to test the hypotheses based on data taken from different samples (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). The numerical data is usually obtained through questionnaires or interviews as per the requirements of the research project. Later on, various mathematical or statistical techniques are applied to analyse this data to test the research hypotheses (Goddard and Melville 2004). Statistical methods such as correlation, covariance and regression analysis are also used to find the type of relationship among the variables of the econometric models build on the basis of theory (Gujarati 2004). Advantages and Limitations There are many advantages of using the quantitative approach of research. Data which is quantitative in nature takes less time to collect; interpret and record than that of other types of data (K. Jensen 2002). The changes in the relevant variables, if any, can be easily identified and measured from time to time (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). Quantitative data provide a more objective explanation of given scenario which is very helpful for the researcher and any subsequent users of the research to believe its authenticity and impartiality (K. Jensen 2002). Major limitation to the quantitative approach is the over simplification of results which means that the quantitative measures may not reflect precisely the needed information (Kumar 1997). Another shortcoming of the quantitative approach is its application to generalised situations of the real world (Mallette and Duke 2004). The data used in quantitative approach would have to be objective (Goddard and Melville 2004). The data which cannot be measured numerically or statistically would not yield any useful results (Colwell 2002). The research carried out using quantitative approach is conducted in a controlled environment and the statistical or numerical results may be specific to the research at hand and would not have a tendency to be applied to generalised situations (Mallette and Duke 2004). The quantitative approach restricts the focus of the research to specific variables in a situation and other significant variables may be overlooked (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). 3.2.2 Qualitative Approach to Research As discussed earlier the quantitative approach to research tests an assumed hypothesis. On the other hand, the qualitative approach to research establishes a new hypothesis (Ulin, Robinson and Tolley 2004). This approach describes and gives meanings to life experiences and provides denotations to these experiences to increase insight on different issues (Maxwell 2005). The approach is used in research to study the richness, intensity and density of a certain phenomenon (Maxwell 2005). Researcher applying the qualitative approach to research must possess good interpretation, concept building and creative thinking skills (Silverman 2002). This approach to research is appropriate for research studies in social sciences, finance and economics (Jensen 2002). It is based on various beliefs such as there is more than one forms of reality which varies with the perception of people and with time as well. Our knowledge is meaningful only to a specific context or situation (Kumar 1997). Thus th e personal perception of the researcher plays a very important role in the qualitative approach to research which requires the researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to think creatively and structure ideas accurately (Mallette and Duke 2004). Advantages and Limitations The qualitative approach like quantitative approach also has its rewards and drawbacks. The qualitative approach is more flexible and can be changed according to a situation unlike the quantitative approach (Roberts and Burke 2000). The researcher in qualitative research is more involved in the research process as compared to the quantitative approach (Burns and Grove 2004). The open ended questionnaire developed in the qualitative approach enables the participants to provide explanations and answers reflecting in-depth knowledge and creativity (Burns and Grove 2004). Weaknesses of this approach include the biasness of researcher and the participants towards any of questions or the research hypotheses (Harrison 2001). Another significant disadvantage of this approach is the subjectivity and partisanship (Mallette and Duke 2004). This means that if the research is carried out using the same sample it may yield fluctuating results. Limited scope of this research method is another drawb ack of qualitative research. 3.3 The Primary Data Primary research or field research is the process of collecting data that donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t exist at the time of research, by keeping in mind the specific objectives in mind (Goddard and Melville 2004). The tools which are typically used for this purpose are the questionnaires, telephone calls, in-depth interviews and focus group surveys (Goddard and Melville 2004). For example, a primary market research involves the collection of data to know the trend of a particular customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ segment or demand for a particular type of product (Goddard and Melville 2004). This primary data provides a foundation for the research work and analysis (Goddard and Melville 2004). Advantages of Primary Research There are a lot of advantages of collecting the primary data for research purposes such as the data relevant to a particular research problem, greater control and authenticity (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). First advantage of this research is the researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need for having some specific and relevant information which cannot be obtained through the secondary sources (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). Second major advantage is that a researcher has more degree of control on designing the research questions and obtaining relevant information as compared to the secondary research (Goddard and Melville 2004). Researcher also has control on the size of research project, on the number respondents and the geographical area where the research is going to be conducted. Thirdly, contrary to the secondary research, where there are the chances that research team may not get the appropriate information even after spending the large amount of money; in the primary research there are greate r chances that the research team will get the exact amount of information with greater level of accuracy and efficiency (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). Where this efficiency helps to reduce the cost of research project, it also helps to improve the results of research work (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). The data obtained can also be made available for other related researches and thereby eliminating the need to collect data time and again. Fourthly, the data collected through primary research become the property of the owner (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). So he or she has the legitimate right to sale it to some other researchers or offer it free for further researcher and analysis. Disadvantages of Primary Research The main disadvantages of the primary research emerged in the shape of huge cost, a lot of time consumption and doubtful feasibility etc. (Goddard and Melville 2004). Firstly, main disadvantage is the huge amount of expense incurred to collect the primary data as compared to the secondary data (Goddard and Melville 2004). It is due to the involvement of expert in designing the questionnaires, the distribution cost and the cost of collecting the answers for respondents (Goddard and Melville 2004). Second main disadvantage is the immense amount of time consumption (Goddard and Melville 2004). Designing the right, making research plan and putting the pertinent questions in the questionnaire, conducting research, analyzing the data and reaching at some useful conclusions require the large amount of time and diligence of experts (Goddard and Melville 2004). Thirdly, there is the issue of feasibility, which means that the information which is necessary for the usefulness and authenticity of the research work is not available or available at very high cost (Goddard and Melville 2004). In such types of situations, the data collected from a sample firms may not truly represent the population. 3.4 The Secondary Data Secondary data is the kind of data which was collected according to the previous research requirements and is now available for further research and analysis (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). It was collected based on different aims and objectives which may be different from the current research (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). 3.5 Sources of Secondary Data There many sources of secondary data such as books, trade journals and periodicals, libraries and peer reviewed journal articles such as the emerald and journal of finance etc. Internet is a valuable tool which is mostly used for this purpose. There are various organisational and governmental websites which provide authentic and reliable data (Balnaves and Caputi 2001). Advantages and disadvantages The main disadvantage of a secondary research is that the aims and objectives of secondary data may be quite different from the current research which could make the whole data useless for in progress research. Another shortcoming of secondary data is that it is quite difficult to search and find relevant information because limited sources available for relevant and recent data. The accuracy and reliability of available secondary data is also an important issue. Secondary data utilised in research work should be obtained from reliable and authentic sources for the validity of research work. Notwithstanding these drawbacks that exist in secondary data, researchers still utilise secondary data in research work regularly as there are various benefits for researchers in secondary data. The most attractive part is the cost effectiveness of secondary data because it is quite economical to collect secondary data from various sources such as libraries, books, internet and journals. Another benefit of using secondary data is the time efficiency because researcher can collect data from secondary sources very quickly. Hence researchers focus on data collection methods which not only save valuable time but also cut down costs of the research work. 3.6 Proposed Research Strategy In order to conduct a useful research, a researcher must choose a particular approach for research out of the various methods available for research. For this research, researcher has decided to use a mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches. Main rational of choosing a mix of both the quantitative and qualitative methods is that it helped the researcher to take benefits of both approaches and to avoid their disadvantages. The researcher has actually decided to collect primary data through research questionnaire containing both the quantitative and qualitative questions. Among the quantitative type questions, Likert scale based questions are prominent which helped the researcher to have an objective and unbiased findings of research. In the qualitative section, open ended questions are included so that the valuables comments of educational experts can be gathered and analysed. Previous researches conducted on this topic have been proved very useful in this research because they provided the basis and impetuous for current research. After collecting the data, data is properly arranged according to the definite format so that it can easily be inserted into data analysis software to obtain meaning results. Then the results are described and interpreted in the light of theoretical foundations set in the literature review section of this paper. 3.7 Ethics In my study, as all the required information is disclosed to public and insider information is excluded in my framework, therefore, no ethical problem against particular organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s privacy is considered. Furthermore, it is an important aspect of ethics that reporting the findings in objective and honest manner. Manipulating the data to get the perfect result brings meaningless and no benefit to me. Therefore, ethical problem in my study is considered as minimal. Time Line of Research Project No. Task 10- Sep 15-Sep 30- Sep 15-Oct 31-Oct 15-Nov 30-Nov 1 Submission of proposal à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 2 Literature Review and further research à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 3 References and Appendices collection à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 4 Collecting the Data (50% complete to data) à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 5 Research Methodology Elaboration à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 6 Proposal results à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 7 Amendments to project based on examiners comments à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 8 Data Compilation à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 9 Requesting and receiving feedback from blackboard à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 10 Data Analysis and Evaluation à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 11 Summarizing findings and Write Up à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 12 Review of study and any further actions à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 13 Conclusion à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 14 Proof reading(ongoing) à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 15 Final editing, printing, and binding à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 16 Project Submit à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬